Pharma Digests
Framingham Risk Score Calculation
The Framingham Risk Score (FRS) is a widely used tool for estimating an individual’s 10-year risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD). It was developed based on data collected from the Framingham Heart Study, a long-term, ongoing cardiovascular study initiated in 1948 in Framingham, Massachusetts, USA. Risk based upon: Recommended to ... Read More
DOSTINEX (Cabergoline) | Drug Digest
DOSTINEX (cabergoline) works by acting on the pituitary gland which is located at the base of the brain. By stimulating this gland, it prevents the production of the hormone prolactin. DOSTINEX is indicated for: 1. Treatment of hyperprolactinemic disorders: DOSTINEX is indicated for the treatment of hyperprolactinemic disorders, either idiopathic ... Read More
Nicotine Gum | Effectively Relief Your Cravings
Nicotine Gum comes in 2mg or 4mg so you can choose the right strength based on how much you smoke. Nicotine is absorbed quickly through the lining of your mouth helping to effectively relief your cravings. What strength you need to use? How to use the gum? Ask your doctor ... Read More
Computer System Validation in Pharmaceutical Industry
CSV is the process of testing/validating/qualifying regulated computerized system to ensure that it does exactly what it is designed to do in a consistent and reproducible manner that is as safe, secure and reliable as paper-based records. The validation process begins with planning, system requirements definition, testing and verification activities, ... Read More
Gluconeogenesis | Formation of Carbohydrates
Gluconeogenesis is a metabolic pathway of glucose formation from amino acids and the glycerol portion of fat. About 60 percent of the amino acids in the body proteins can be converted easily into carbohydrates; the remaining 40 percent have chemical configurations that make this difficult or impossible. Each amino acid ... Read More
Physiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract
The gastrointestinal tract stretches from the mouth to the anus and consists of our main anatomical areas; the esophagus, the stomach, the small intestine and the large intestine or colon. The wall of the gastrointestinal tract is essentially similar in structure along its length, consisting of our principal histological layers: ... Read More
Physiological Factors Influencing Oral Drug Absorption
The gastrointestinal tract is complex. Figure 1 outlines some of the main structures involved in and key physiological parameters that affect oral drug absorption. In order to gain an insight into the numerous actors that can potentially influence the rate and extent of drug absorption into the systemic circulation, a ... Read More
Importance of pKa Value in Selection of Dissolution Media
There is a question: How pKa value helps in selection of Dissolution Media during Formulation & Analytical Development? For Dissolution, Ionized form of a drug is required to be solubilized & released passively into dissolution medium. While, For Absorption, only unionized form of drug is important to be absorbed passively ... Read More
Cleanroom Behavior in Pharmaceutical Industry
Cleanroom Behavior is a crucial aspect in preventing contamination in manufacturing areas. Operators must adhere to specific cleanroom behaviors, including the following practices: Slow and Deliberate Movement Operators should move carefully to minimize air turbulence, which can lead to particle generation or shedding. This principle should be observed throughout the ... Read More
Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE)
Its importance in manufacturing, its components, and how it can be used to enhance production processes. The Importance of OEE OEE is a crucial metric for measuring the performance of a manufacturing process. Evaluating a production line’s overall efficiency provides actionable insights that can help companies identify bottlenecks, reduce waste, ... Read More
A List of Software for NMR Data Analysis
Several software tools are commonly used for the analysis of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) data in organic chemistry. Popular Software for NMR Data Analysis 1. MestReNova (Mnova): A comprehensive NMR data processing and analysis software that supports various types of NMR data. 2. TopSpin: Developed by Bruker, TopSpin is a ... Read More