Physicochemical properties are all the physical and chemical properties of a drug, which are influence the drug performance or action. Various Physico-Chemical Properties of Drugs Thermodynamic properties Kinetic properties Spectroscopic properties Surface properties Mechanical properties Packing properties If a deficiency is detected, then the project team should decide on the molecular modification(s) that would most…
Three are three common measurement systems in pharmacy – the metric system, the apothecary system and the avoirdupois system. The metric system includes units of weight, volume, and linear measure; the apothecary system includes units of weight and volume; and the avoirdupois system includes only units of weight. The Metric System The metric system is…
Metric SystemThis is a decimal system of weights and measures originally based on the meter as the unit of length and the kilogram as the unit of mass. SI SystemThe International system of units was adopted by the 11th General Conference of Weights and Measures in 1960. The SI units are widely used but they…
The solubility of drug molecule is one of the most challenging aspect in formulation development. It is crucial to ensure the right concentration of a drug gets into the bloodstream so the bioavailability of the drug causes the desired pharmacological response. Therefore, using a variety of techniques to improve solubility helps drug companies launch a…
Drug discovery is part luck and part structured investigation. At the beginning of the 19th century it was largely carried out by individuals but it now requires teamwork, the members of the team being specialists in various fields, such as medicine, biochemistry, chemistry, computerized molecular modeling, pharmaceutics, pharmacology, microbiology, toxicology, physiology and pathology. The approach…
The action of a drug is believed to be due to the interaction of that drug with endogenous and exogenous substrate molecules found in the body. When one or more active drug molecules bind to the target endogenous and exogenous molecules, they cause a change or inhibit the biological activity of these molecules. The effectiveness…
Solubility is defined as the upper limit of solute that can be dissolved in a given amount of solvent at equilibrium. It is also called the ability of substance to dissolve in a solvent.orThe solubility is defined as the concentration of the solute in solution when it is in equilibrium with the solid substance at…
Pharmaceutical dosage form is consisting of drug substance(s) and/or excipient(s) to facilitate dosing of the content of the drug product to the patient. As per USP, there are several types of dosage form exist in pharmaceutics. AerosolsExamples: Ipratropium bromide (MDI), Salbutamol (DPI) CapsulesExamples: Flucloxacillin Sodium Capsule, Vitamin D3 Capsule, Vitamin-E Soft Gelatin Capsule CreamsExamples: Terbinafine…
Inhalation drug products deliver drugs into the lungs by oral inhalation and include inhalation aerosols, inhalation powders, inhalation sprays, inhalation solutions, inhalation suspensions, solutions for inhalation, and drugs for inhalation solutions dosage forms. Nasal drug products deliver drugs into the nasal cavity and include nasal sprays, nasal solutions, nasal aerosols, and nasal powder dosage forms….
The mucosal route of drug administration is subdivided into seven membrane surfaces for the purposes of taxonomic distinction of dosage forms by route of administration. These membrane surfaces are characterized as otic, ophthalmic, nasal, oropharyngeal, urethral, vaginal, and rectal. In this article we provides product quality tests that are generally necessary, tests that apply to…