B Pharm
Types of Drug Antagonism
The several types of antagonism can be classified as follows: Chemical Antagonism Chemical antagonism involves a direct chemical interaction between the agonist and antagonist in such a way as to render the agonist pharmacologically inactive. A good example is the use of chelating agents to assist in the biological inactivation ... Read More
Factors Affecting Rate of Gastrointestinal Absorption
In addition to the lipid–water partition coefficient of drugs, local blood flow, and intestinal surface area, other factors may affect absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. Gastric Emptying Time The rate of gastric emptying markedly influences the rate at which drugs are absorbed, whether they are acids, bases, or neutral substances. ... Read More
Absorption of Drugs from Alimentary Tract
Oral Cavity and Sublingual Absorption In contrast to absorption from the stomach and intestine, drugs absorbed from the oral cavity enter the general circulation directly. Although the surface area of the oral cavity is small, absorption can be rapid if the drug has a high lipid–water partition coefficient and therefore ... Read More
Physiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract
The gastrointestinal tract stretches from the mouth to the anus and consists of our main anatomical areas; the esophagus, the stomach, the small intestine and the large intestine or colon. The wall of the gastrointestinal tract is essentially similar in structure along its length, consisting of our principal histological layers: ... Read More
Physiological Factors Influencing Oral Drug Absorption
The gastrointestinal tract is complex. Figure 1 outlines some of the main structures involved in and key physiological parameters that affect oral drug absorption. In order to gain an insight into the numerous actors that can potentially influence the rate and extent of drug absorption into the systemic circulation, a ... Read More
Physicochemical Properties of Drugs
Physicochemical properties are all the physical and chemical properties of a drug, which are influence the drug performance or action. Various Physico-Chemical Properties of Drugs Thermodynamic properties Kinetic properties Spectroscopic properties Surface properties Mechanical properties Packing properties If a deficiency is detected, then the project team should decide on the ... Read More
Introduction to Drug Discovery
Drug discovery is part luck and part structured investigation. At the beginning of the 19th century it was largely carried out by individuals but it now requires teamwork, the members of the team being specialists in various fields, such as medicine, biochemistry, chemistry, computerized molecular modeling, pharmaceutics, pharmacology, microbiology, toxicology, ... Read More
Introduction to Drug Action
The action of a drug is believed to be due to the interaction of that drug with endogenous and exogenous substrate molecules found in the body. When one or more active drug molecules bind to the target endogenous and exogenous molecules, they cause a change or inhibit the biological activity ... Read More
Biological Molecules Notes for Bachelor Students
Biological molecules are the basic building blocks of all biological structures and processes that are the basis of life as we know it. A basic knowledge of the nomenclature and structures of these more common endogenous classes of biological molecules is essential to understanding medicinal chemistry. There are four major ... Read More