Pharma Blog
Physiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract
The gastrointestinal tract stretches from the mouth to the anus and consists of our main anatomical areas; the esophagus, the stomach, the small intestine and the large intestine or colon. The wall of the gastrointestinal tract is essentially similar in structure along its length, consisting of our principal histological layers: ... Read More
Physiological Factors Influencing Oral Drug Absorption
The gastrointestinal tract is complex. Figure 1 outlines some of the main structures involved in and key physiological parameters that affect oral drug absorption. In order to gain an insight into the numerous actors that can potentially influence the rate and extent of drug absorption into the systemic circulation, a ... Read More
Qualification of HPLC | A Complete Guide
The HPLC qualification process consists of four parts: Design Qualification (DQ) Design qualification (DQ) describes the user requirements and defines the functional and operational specifications of the instrument. It should ensure that instruments to be purchased have the necessary functions and performance that will enable them be suitable for the ... Read More
Importance of pKa Value in Selection of Dissolution Media
There is a question: How pKa value helps in selection of Dissolution Media during Formulation & Analytical Development? For Dissolution, Ionized form of a drug is required to be solubilized & released passively into dissolution medium. While, For Absorption, only unionized form of drug is important to be absorbed passively ... Read More
Cleanroom Behavior in Pharmaceutical Industry
Cleanroom Behavior is a crucial aspect in preventing contamination in manufacturing areas. Operators must adhere to specific cleanroom behaviors, including the following practices: Slow and Deliberate Movement Operators should move carefully to minimize air turbulence, which can lead to particle generation or shedding. This principle should be observed throughout the ... Read More
Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE)
Its importance in manufacturing, its components, and how it can be used to enhance production processes. The Importance of OEE OEE is a crucial metric for measuring the performance of a manufacturing process. Evaluating a production line’s overall efficiency provides actionable insights that can help companies identify bottlenecks, reduce waste, ... Read More
A List of Software for NMR Data Analysis
Several software tools are commonly used for the analysis of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) data in organic chemistry. Popular Software for NMR Data Analysis 1. MestReNova (Mnova): A comprehensive NMR data processing and analysis software that supports various types of NMR data. 2. TopSpin: Developed by Bruker, TopSpin is a ... Read More
Synaptic Transmitters | Rapidly Acting and Slowly Acting
There are more than 50 chemical substances have been proved or postulated to function as synaptic transmitters. Many of them are listed in below, which give two groups of synaptic transmitters. One group comprises small-molecule, rapidly acting transmitters. The other is made up of a large number of neuropeptides of ... Read More
Statistics in Pharmaceutical Manufacturing and Quality
A common question in the pharmaceutical industry is, what is the role of the statistician in pharmaceutical manufacturing and quality. Here I am giving a few ideas and will discuss them all in more detail later step by step: 1. Statistical Sampling Plans Tool: Acceptance Sampling Plans (e.g., ANSI/ASQ Z1.4, ... Read More
Coloring Agents in Pharmaceutical Industry
Coloring agents are used mainly to impart an elegant appearance, identification and protection to: Color Index Number (C.I. No.) is the identifier number of color “dye” or “lake”. Example Dyes vs Lakes Regulations 3 main sources to set specification of dyes Common Tests of Dyes Common Tests of Lakes Same ... Read More
Basics of Synaptic Transmission
Synaptic transmission is a key process whereby presynaptic neurotransmitter release drives electrical and biochemical signals via opening of postsynaptic channels. 7 Steps of Synaptic Transmission Step 1: An action potential arrives at the axon terminal Step 2: Membrane depolarization from action potential causes influx of calcium ions Step 3: Docking ... Read More