Although both sugar coating and film coating are utilized by a significant number of pharmaceutical companies worldwide, the film-coating process is the one most often preferred today. Film coating was formally introduced into the pharmaceutical industry in the middle of the last century. It should be noted that there has been a steady transition in…
Compression or compaction is the pharmaceutical unit operation of applying pressure or force to the powder to densify it and generate the physical bonds between the powder particles. The critical parameters of this operation are (1) the material properties of the particles being compacted and (2) the equipment used for the compaction. The basic mechanical…
Blending or Mixing are the reorientation of particles relative to one another in order to achieve uniformity. Types of Blending Operating Principles of Blending Diffusion Blending (Tumble) Particles are reoriented in relation to one another when they are placed in random motion and inter particular friction is reduced as the result of bed expansion (usually…
Milling is a mechanical process of breaking particles into smaller pieces via one or more particle size reduction mechanisms. Types of Milling Milling Operation Principles Milling Equipment Classifications 1. Fluid Energy Mills Fluid energy mill subclasses have no moving parts and primarily are distinguished from one another by the configuration and/or shape of their chambers,…
Granulation is the process of creating granules. The powder morphology is modified through the use of either a liquid that causes particles to bind through capillary forces or dry compaction forces. Importance of Granulation in Pharmaceutical Industry The granulation process will result in one or more of the following powder properties: Types of Granulation in…
Most compacted (compressed) tablets consist of the drug substance(s) and a number of excipients. These excipients may include fillers (diluents), binders, disintegrating agents, lubricants, and glidants. Approved FD&C and D&C dyes or lakes, flavors, and sweetening agents also may be present. Tablets are prepared from formulations that have been processed by one of three general…
Oral delivery is the most common route of administration for drug products. Pharmaceutical solid oral drug products include but are not limited to capsules, tablets, granules, and powders. Capsules Capsules are solid dosage forms in which the drug substance and/or excipients are enclosed within a soluble container or shell or coated on the capsule shell….
A dosage form is a pharmaceutical preparation consisting of drug substance(s) and/or excipient(s) to facilitate dosing, administration, and delivery of the content of the drug product to the patient. It can also define as the manner in which drug substance are commercialized (e.g., solids, liquids or semi solids). As per USP, official dosage forms in…